y12 mark scheme

6733 Unit Test PHY3 (Topics)
Topic A - Astrophysics
(a)
H-R Diagram
L and T
L􀁾 and K
[or L and L􀁾 􀀹, T and K 􀀹, not W]
Any 2 correct [of 102, 1 or 100, 10−2]
All 3 correct
20 000 and 5 000
(iv) Identify stars
Red giant = (B and) C
Low mass ms star = E [ignore X]
2
(v) Zeta Tauri Luminosity
Use of L = 4 π D2 I
Correct substitution
3.8(2) × 1030 (W) 3
(vi) Zeta Tauri identification (ecf)
3.8(2) × 1030 W ÷ 3.9 × 1026 W [or 4 × 1030 W used]
Correct ratio [e.g. 9700, 9800, 10300 or 104, etc.]
Hence A [from answer in range 9700 to 10300]
3
(b)
Fusion calculations
Mass difference substitution [(2 × 5.0055) – (6.6447 + 2 × 1.6726)]
2.11 × 10−29 kg [or 0.0211 × 10−27 kg]
E = mc2 seen
1.9 × 10-12 J [ecf]
2
2
(c)(i)Pulsars
Neutron star
Core remnant
Supernova
1.4 [accept 0.4 and 1.4]
4
(ii) (iii)
Binary pulsar system
Quality of written communication
(Varying) radio signals
(Regular) pulses detected [like lighthouse]
Idea of two overlapping pulses (from same location) 4

Black hole
1
(d)
White dwarf density
M ÷4/3 π r3 [allow M, m, R, r] 1
Any pair of values correctly read [may be implied, ignore 106]
Any correct substitution [with 2.0 × 1030 and 106, ecf on (i)]
Two correct answers [in kg m-3, no statement required]
White dwarf future
Cools / temperature decreases 3
Becomes dimmer / changes colour [not brown dwarf] 1
Total 32

y12 Physics

Observation through out the whole em spectrum

Begin a new document.

Import a detailed diagram of the electro magnetic spectrum. (Use a web search)

Use Wien’s Law to calculate the temperature of the extreme edges of each band. ( If you haven’t got a calculator use the computers or Excel)

λ max x T = 2.898 x 10-3 mK


We cannot observe the whole spectrum from the ground due to absorption by the Earth’s atmosphere.

Insert a diagram of the Atmospheric Window and make relevant notes.

Useful site (http://freespace.virgin.net/gareth.james/index.htm#)

To observe in the microwave, infrared, ultra violet, X and Gamma ray bands we have to use satellites.

Find out about the following missions, what they observed and how useful they were.

The Hubble Space Telescope (http://hubblesite.org/)

IRAS (http://www.nasm.si.edu/nasm/dsh/artifacts/SS-IRAS.htm)

COBE and WMAP, (http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/ http://aether.lbl.gov/www/projects/cobe/ )


XXM Newton ( http://xmm.vilspa.esa.es/ ) and
Chandra ( http://chandra.harvard.edu/ )

Y10 Hw on Meters

H3 Meters

1 (a) Correct diagram showing motor connected

to battery. 1

(b) Correct diagram showing ammeter in series

with motor and battery. 1

(c) ‘+’ sign label on side of ammeter nearest to

long bar of battery symbol. 1

(d) Correct diagram showing voltmeter in parallel

with motor. 1

(e) ‘+’ sign label on side of voltmeter nearest to

long bar of battery symbol. 1

Total 5

2 (a) (i) 1.2V 1

(ii) 1.2V 1

(b) (i) 1.2V 1

(ii) 1.2V 1

(c) (i) 1.2V 1

(ii) 1.2V 1

Total 6

3 (a) (i) 1.5V 1

(ii) 1.5V 1

(b) Electric current. 1

(c) Amps (amperes). 1

(d) (i) 1A 1

(ii) 1A 1

(e) I = Q/t = 5/20 1

= 0.25A 1

(f) Charge/charged particles/current carry

energy with them. 1

Total 9

F3 Meters

1 (a) 2.6 1

A 1

(b) 3 1

A 1

(c) 3.5 1

A 1

Total 6

2 (a) 0.6A 1

(b) 0.6A 1

Total 2

3 (a) 0.6A 1

(b) 0.6A 1

Total 2

4 (a) 0.3A 1

(b) 0.3A 1

Total 2

5 (a) Correct diagram showing motor connected

to battery. 1

(b) Correct diagram showing ammeter in series

with motor and battery. 1

(c) ‘+’ sign label on side of ammeter nearest to

long bar of battery symbol. 1

(d) Correct diagram showing voltmeter in parallel

with motor. 1

(e) ‘+’ sign label on side of voltmeter nearest to

long bar of battery symbol. 1

Total 5

6 (a) 1.2 1

V 1

(b) 1.2V. 1

Total 3

Y11 Homework on electric motors

H2 Electromagnetism
1 (a) (i) From N pole to S pole. 1
(ii) No effect. 1
(iii) The wire moves 1
vertically/at right angles to the field. 1
(iv) The wire moves in the opposite direction. 1
(v) Wire moves faster/more force on wire. 1
(vi) No effect. 1
(b) (i) Using your left hand point first finger in the
direction of the magnetic field 1
point second finger in the direction of
the current. 1
The thumb points in the direction of
motion (force). 1
(ii) The wire moves upwards. 1
(iii) The force on the wire is upwards. 1
Total 12
2 (a) N pole to S pole/left to right. 1
(b) Field and wire are at right angles/90°. 1
(c) (i) Upwards. 1
(ii) Downwards. 1
(d) The coil rotates. 1
(e) The commutator and brushes allow current to
flow through the coil during rotation, 1
the commutator reverses the current every
half cycle, 1
so rotation continues in the same direction. 1
Total 8

Y13 Wave Equation

Wave equation answers

1 0.17 to 20m
2 200 kHz, 0.6 and 0.59m, 5 exp 14 Hz
3 F = 20/60, 3/2wavelength = 21m so w = 14m, v= 4.67 ms-1
4 339.9 ms-1, 0.6m

This homework is now closed

y12 homework on stellar distances

This homework is now closed

y10 Homework

Use this mark scheme to mark your work out of 20. Remeber Q4 on H2 was printed incorrectly so the mark scheme may be wrong for this question.

H1 Simple electric current
1 (a) (i) Positive. 1
(ii) Negative. 1
(b) Complete circuit. 1
Current/charge flow. 1
Energy transfer from battery to motor.
Total 5
2 (a) Electrons not stuck to any particular atom. 1
(b) From negative to positive. 1
(c) From positive to negative. 1
(d) The direction of conventional current flow is
from positive to negative (the direction of +ve
charge flow). 1
(e) (i) Lamp connected to cell in complete loop. 1
(ii) Long bar of cell symbol labelled ‘+ve’,
short bar labelled ‘–ve’. 1
(iii) Electron flow labelled from negative
to positive. 1
(iv) Conventional current labelled from positive
to negative. 1
Total 8
3 (a) (i) A charged particle (atom, molecule). 1
(ii) Positive. 1
(iii) Negative. 1
(b) (i) Electrodes and electrolyte connected to cell
in complete loop. 1
(ii) They move towards cathode
(accept negative electrode). 1
(iii) They move towards anode
(accept positive electrode). 1
(iv) Electrons. 1
Total 7


H2 Series and
parallel circuits
1 (a) A, B, C. 1
(b) C, F. 1
Total 2
2 (a) If one lamp stops working, the other lamp will
still work. 1
(b) If one lamp stops working, all the other lamps
stop working too. 1
(c) In parallel. 1
Total 3
3 (a, b, c) Circuit drawn correctly with lamps in parallel. 1
Switch A in the same branch as lamp A. 1
Switch B in the same branch as lamp B. 1
(d) Circuit drawn correctly with a simple switch
between the cell and the junction where
the wires branch. 1
Total 4
4
switch A off off off off
(on or off)
switch B off on off on
(on or off)
‘mains is connected’ on on on on
(on or off)
motor to turn drum off off on on
(on or off)
Heater off off off on
(on or off)
marks 1 1 1 1
Total 4
5 (a) (i) The lamp is brighter than normal. 1
(ii) The lamp is at normal brightness.
(b) (i) 3V. 1
(ii) 1.5V. 1
(c) Parallel. 1
Total 5
6 (a) Diagram showing two cells in parallel. 1
(b) Diagram shows floppy disk drive in parallel
with computer. 1
CD-ROM drive in parallel with computer. 1
Total 3

Y11 boron

H1 Magnets
1 (a) Attracts. 1
(b) No effect. 1
(c) Repels. 1
(d) Attracts. 1
Total 4
2 (a) Diagram should have correct ‘butterfly’ shape
with lines starting and ending on the poles and
not crossing each other. 1
(b) The lines are close together where the field
is strongest. 1
(c) (i) Arrows pointing along lines from N pole
to S pole. 1
(ii) The direction is the one along which a
compass needle points, 1
or the direction in which an isolated
N pole would move. 1
Total 4
3 Magnetic field lines between the magnets parallel
and evenly spaced. 1
Arrows point from N pole to S pole. 1
Total 2
4 (a) (i) Opposite geographic north pole. 1
(ii) Opposite magnetic north pole. 1
(b) Towards Earth’s north pole. 1
(c) (i) Bar magnet drawn inside Earth along line
joining magnetic north and south poles. 1
Field lines should have same shape as
‘butterfly’ pattern of on magnet. 1
Arrows should point from bar magnet’s N pole
(Earth’s magnetic south pole) to the bar
magnet’s S pole. 1
(ii) N pole of bar magnet near to Earth’s
south pole. 1
(iv) There is not a bar magnet inside Earth. 1
The centre of earth is very hot 1
and a magnet would melt/its magnetism
destroyed by heat. 1
Total 10

Reading for your university interview

Title	Author	My Humble Opinion
The Ascent of Man	Jacob Bronowski	A history of science, an award winning TV programme in its day by an eminent scientist. Very readable
Isaac Newton	James Gleick	A biography, rather dry but a good insight into a genius. Not as long as it first appears as at least 1/3 of the book is the author’s references
The Code Book	Simon Singh	More Maths than Physics. A history of code breaking. Very readable.
Bad Astronomy	Phil Plait	The moon landing a was hoax? This book blows this idea away (and other popular myths)
A Brief History in Time	Stephen Hawking	Never was a book bought by so many to be read by so few. As one of the few I can only say it was a bit of a struggle.
The Time and Space of Uncle Albert	Russell Stannard	Uncle Albert is, of course, Einstein. Thoroughly enjoyable introduction to relativity (hard to believe I know).
Critical Mass	Philip Ball	How physics relates to the everyday world. Intellectual. (So I enjoyed it!)
A Short History of Nearly Everything.	Bill Bryson	Excellent book. Read it. Don’t mention it your interview as Bryson is not a scientist and university professors have strong views on writers of popular fiction.
The New Scientist	A magazine	Read it every week (for at least a month before your university interview)

y9 Friday's sats answers

1. (a) (i) temperature of water accept ‘temperature’ 1
do not accept ‘heat’
(ii) 2
57
34
40
74
20
144
award one mark for all three rows of information recorded accurately in the table award one mark for the temperature presented in ascending or descending order
(b) any two from 2
· clock or timer or stopwatch
· thermometer or temperature sensor
· measuring cylinder accept ‘beaker’
· balance accept ‘scales’
‘measuring jug’ is insufficient
(c) to make the test fair accept ‘as a control’ 1
(d) any one from 1
· it did not use her results
· she did not describe the relationship between temperature and dissolving
accept ‘it did not describe what she has found out’
accept ‘she has not given the pattern in her results’
‘she did not explain in detail’ is insufficient answers referring to her evaluation of her investigation or method are insufficient
accept ‘she did not say if changing the temperature affected the time’
accept ‘she did not say what the result showed’
‘she did not say what the results were’ is insufficient
(e) any one from 1
· the hotter the water the quicker it dissolves
accept ‘the hottest dissolved quickest’
accept the converse
· the higher the temperature the less time is taken for the cold cure to dissolve
accept ‘when the water is cold it takes longer to dissolve’

accept ‘when the water is hot it dissolves quickly’
accept ‘temperature does affect the time to dissolve’
the conclusion should refer to the independent and dependent variable
[8]

2. (a) any one from 1· to allow his resting pulse rate to accept ‘to get a reading of heart rate when be determined relaxed’· to compare his pulse before and accept ‘to make sure his heart rate was after drinking the cola steady’· so he would know if it had changed accept ‘to see if there was any change’ accept ‘so he could find out his normal heart rate’ accept ‘to get a reliable reading of his pulse rate’ accept ‘to find the average’
‘he wanted to know his heart rate before he drank his cola’ is insufficient as this is given in the question
(b) his heart rate went up after he drank accept ‘his heart rate or pulse went up’ 1some cola accept ‘it shows his heart rate went up’ accept ‘the graph shows his heart rate changed’ accept ‘the line goes up or changed’ accept ‘the points get higher’
(c) any one from 1· Yasmin’s conclusion describes accept ‘Yasmin is more specific or more how it affected his heart rate while detailed’ Harry’s just says it affected his heart rate· Yasmin’s conclusion describes accept ‘Harry doesn’t say what the effect is’ the direction of the change in his heart rate· Yasmin’s conclusion describes accept ‘Harry’s conclusion could mean that how his heart rate changed his heart rate was slower’

(d) any one from 1· drinking fizzy water would be a control· it would enable them to see whether fizziness or sparkling drinks would have an effect· it would allow them to see if accept ‘you would know if it was bubbles carbon dioxide or carbonation has that had an effect’ an effect
‘to see if something else had an effect’ is insufficient
· it would show it was something accept ‘using more or different drinks would else in cola that had an effect give more evidence’
[4]

3. (a) (i) a mixture 1
if more than one box is ticked, award no mark
(ii) a compound 1
if more than one box is ticked, award no mark
(iii) any one from 1· they are denser than the accept ‘it is heavier than the liquid or the paint’ liquid accept ‘the solid particles are more dense or heavier or too heavy’ accept ‘the solid is denser’
do not accept ‘solid particles are heavy’ without a comparison or qualifier eg ‘too heavy’
· the liquid is less dense than accept ‘the liquid is less dense’ or ‘the liquid is the solid lighter’
(b) any one from 1· it is insoluble in water· water is not a solvent for the paint· it dissolves in white spirit· white spirit is a solvent for the paint
‘it is waterproof’ is insufficient
[4]

4. (a) (i) sedimentary accept ‘conglomerate’ 1
(ii) igneous 1

(b) The temperature falls below freezing point. 1
Expansion forces the cracks in the rock to open. 1
if more than two boxes are ticked, deduct one mark for each incorrect tickminimum mark zero
[4]

5. (a) (i) electrical to chemical if more than one box is ticked, award no mark 1
(ii) chemical to electrical to sound 1
if more than one box is ticked, award no mark
(b) Q 1R 1P 1
[5]

6. (a) (i) · name: nucleus 1
· function: it controls the cell 1
accept ‘nuclei’
accept ‘it contains genetic information’
accept ‘contains chromosomes’
‘it is the brain of the cell’ is insufficient
(ii) tissue 1
if more than one box is ticked, award no mark
(b) (i) any one from 1
· to push food or waste along
accept ‘for peristalsis’
· to break up large pieces of food
accept ‘mechanical digestion’
· to churn food
accept ‘to mix in enzymes’‘to digest food’ is insufficient
(ii) · they speed up digestion 1
accept ‘they digest them’
accept ‘they break them down’
accept ‘they turn it into amino acids’
(iii) · fibre 1
if more than one box is ticked, award no mark
[6]


7. (a) (i) A and C 1
answers may be in either order
both answers are required for the mark
(ii) any one from 1· B· D
(b) any one from 1· not all the light is reflected· some of the light is refracted· some of the light is absorbed· light is scattered by the glass accept ‘it splits into two rays’ or ‘it splits’
[3]

8. (a) (i) C and E 1
answers may be in any orderboth answers are required for the mark
(ii) C 1
(iii) any one from 1to trap or absorb lightphotosynthesis accept ‘to make glucose or sugar or starch or carbohydrate or food’
(b) (i) A 1
(ii) any one from accept ‘lungs’ 1· windpipe· trachea· airways· bronchus· bronchiole· oviduct or fallopian tube
(iii) to remove mucus accept ‘to remove bacteria’ 1 accept ‘to move mucus along’ accept ‘to move or remove bacteria or dust particles’
‘it is a self cleaning mechanism’ is insufficient
do not accept ‘they clean dust or bacteria out of the lungs
’accept ‘to move an ovum or egg along’ if the oviduct or fallopian tube is given as the answer to part ii
(c) B 1
[7]

9. (a) (i) 1
four boxes must be drawn, decreasing in width towards the top, and all labels must be correct for the mark
(ii) any one from 1· each animal eats lots of the accept ‘DDT increases up the food chain’ organism below it in the food chain
accept ‘the heron gets all the DDT in the other animals’accept ‘the heron is at the top of the food chain’
· DDT is not easily excreted accept ‘DDT is not excreted’· DDT is not broken down accept ‘DDT remains in the body’ accept ‘DDT is stored in the body’
(b) (i) through the placenta accept ‘through the umbilical cord’ 1 accept ‘from the mother’s blood’
(ii) in milk accept ‘through the mammary glands’ 1 accept ‘the mother breastfeeds the pup’ accept ‘the mother feeds the pup herself’
‘the mother feeds the pup’ is insufficient
[4]

10. (a) (i) 75 accept ‘50 × 1.5’ 1Nm 1
do not accept lower case n
(ii) 750 accept ‘ ’ or ‘50 × 15’ 1 accept the numerical answer to part (i) ÷ 0.1
(b) any one from 1· a current flows in the coil· the coil or the iron core accept ‘there is a magnetic field’ or ‘the becomes magnetised electromagnet switches on
do not accept ‘the core becomes magnetic’
any one from 1· the counterweight is attracted to the coil or core or the electromagnet· the electromagnet produces a accept ‘the left-hand side of the barrier bigger moment moves down’
‘the right-hand side moves up’ is insufficient
[5]

11. (a) (i) any one from 1· the Earth rotates accept ‘the Sun appears to move across the sky’ accept ‘the Sun is in a different position at different times of day’· the amount of sunlight varies accept ‘different cloud cover’· the angle of the Sun varies
accept ‘in the middle of the day the energy received is greatest’
do not accept ‘in the middle of the day the Sun is hottest or brightest’
(ii) 6.0 accept any number from 5.8 to 6.2 1
(b) (i) a graph starting after 6 am and ending before 6 pm 1a line below the existing line and flat or reaching a 1maximum between 12 noon and 1 pm
(ii) 15 accept ‘ ’ 1
[5]

12. (a) (i) 1000 1
(ii) any three from 3· she was using her muscles accept ‘she was using her muscles’ more· she needed more energy· her rate of respiration accept ‘more respiration’ increased· more oxygen was used up accept ‘more oxygen was needed’· more carbon dioxide was accept ‘there was more carbon dioxide to produced remove’
accept for the first two marking points ‘her muscles need more energy’
(b) (i) it became faster 1
(ii) any one from 1· the breaths are closer accept ‘the waves are closer together’ together· there are more breaths in accept ‘there are more waves in 10 s’ 10 s accept ‘there are three breaths in the first ten seconds and five in the next ten seconds’
[6]

13. (a) (i) A 1
(ii) E 1
(iii) C 1

(b) any one from 1· a compound contains two or more accept ‘a compound contains different elements chemically combined elements or atoms of different types or bonded joined together’
do not accept ‘a compound contains two or more atoms joined together’
· a mixture contains two or more accept ‘a mixture can be separated by elements or compounds or physical means’ substances not chemically combined or bonded
‘a mixture can be separated’ is insufficient
(c) (i) any one from 1· name: oxygen formula: O2· name: hydrogen formula: H2· name: nitrogen formula: N2· name: chlorine formula: Cl2
accept any other element which exists as diatomic molecules in the gaseous state
both the name and formula are required for the mark
do not accept ‘O’ or ‘H’ or ‘N’ or ‘Cl’
(ii) any one from 1· name: carbon dioxide formula: CO2· name: water formula: H2O· name: sulphur dioxide formula: SO2· name: nitrogen dioxide or nitrogen oxide formula: NO2
accept any compound with the formula XY2, eg magnesium chloride MgCl2
both the name and formula are required for the mark
[6]

14. (a) (i) refraction 1
(ii) dispersion 1
(b) One mark is for what would be seen on the screen.
The second mark is for the explanation.
· only the green part would be seen accept ‘only the green’ 1
· other colours are absorbed or removed by the green solution 1
accept ‘only green can go through’
(c) any one from 1
· to break down the cell walls
· to break open the cells
because the green substance is inside the cells or chloroplasts
accept ‘to break up the chloroplasts’
accept ‘to break down the cuticle’
do not accept ‘to break them down’

(d) A comparison between the rate of photosynthesis in Dog’s Mercury and buttercup must be made.
any one from 1
· Dog’s Mercury has a higher rate of photosynthesis than buttercups in low light
accept ‘Dog’s Mercury has a higher rate of photosynthesis in low light’
accept ‘it can photosynthesise better than buttercups in the shade’
accept ‘Dog’s Mercury can make more food in the shade’
do not accept ‘it can photosynthesise in the dark’
· buttercups have a lower rate of photosynthesis than Dog’s Mercury in low light
accept ‘buttercups have a lower rate of photosynthesis in lower light’
· buttercups reach their maximum rate of photosynthesis at higher light intensities
Dog’s Mercury reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis at lower light intensities
[6]

15. (a) · magnesium displaces copper from the copper sulphate 1
accept ‘magnesium has taken the sulphate’
· copper is replaced by magnesium
accept ‘copper and magnesium change places’
(b) 2
pairs of chemicals
Does a displacement reaction take place? Yes or no
reason
iron + sodium chloride
no
iron is below sodium (in the reactivity series) or sodium is aboveiron (in the reactivity series)
magnesium + lead nitrate
yes
magnesium is above lead (in thereactivity series) or lead is below magnesium (in the reactivity series)
accept ‘iron is less reactive’ or the converse
accept ‘magnesium is more reactive’ or the converse
both the answer and the correct reason are required for each mark

(c) (i) any one from 1
· add zinc to a solution of a salt of each of the other metals
accept ‘add zinc to copper chloride and if it reacts add it to a solution of a salt of the next metal up and so on’
· add each of the other metals to a solution of a zinc salt
accept ‘add the other metals to zinc chloride’
accept any named zinc salt
(ii) any one from 1
· place zinc between the metal in the salt which does react and the metal in the salt which does not react
accept ‘whatever zinc displaced should be below zinc’
· place zinc between the metal which does react and the metal which does not react
accept ‘put zinc below all the metals that react’
parts (c)(i) and(c)(ii) should be marked together
do not accept ‘test the other metals with zinc to see if they react’
[5]

16. (a) (i) B 1
(ii) D 1
(b) (i) any one from 1
· a compound or a new substance has been formed
accept ‘the ratio is always 1P to 2Qs’
accept ‘the atoms or particles have joined’
· R or the product is a new substance
accept ‘the elements have joined’
(ii) substance Q: oxygen 1substance R: carbon dioxide
both answers are required for the mark
(iii) the same numbers of each type of atom are present 1
accept ‘the same number of atoms is present’
accept ‘the same particles or same number of particles are present’
accept ‘there is the same amount of each element’
do not accept ‘the same number of molecules is there’
‘the same amount of elements’ is insufficient
[5]

Y9 sat's questions set today

1. (a) down 1
(b) Ellie and Maggy names may be in either order 1
both names are required for the mark
do not accept ‘540 and 540’
this rules out the same person being used twice
(c) award the mark if only one of these correct 1
responses is given provided an incorrect response is not written in the other box
(d) any one from 1
· Rosie
· Jack
· Rosie or Jack
do not accept ‘490’
do not accept ‘510’
do not accept ‘490 or 510’
do not accept ‘Rosie and Jack’
[4]

2. (a) (i) ice skate accept ‘skate’ 1
(ii) Tom’s weight on the footwear
if more than one box is ticked, award no mark
(b) any one from 1
· they do not sink in
they have a big surface accept ‘they are wide’ or ‘they are big’
accept ‘they spread out your weight’
do not accept ‘you won’t get your feet stuck in the snow’
accept ‘they reduce the pressure’
do not accept ‘they spread out your pressure’
(c) friction 1
[4]

3. (a) one mark is for the correct value and the other mark is for the corresponding unit
either
· 1500 accept ‘100 × 15’ 1
N cm or newton cm 1
or
· 15 accept ‘100 × 0.15’
N m or newton metre

(b) exert a larger force answers may be in either order 1
accept ‘use a bigger force’ or ‘push harder’do not accept ‘exert a larger pressure’
exert the force further away from the nut 1
accept ‘push down further from the nut’ or ‘exert the force further along the spanner’do not accept ‘use of a longer spanner’
[4]

4. (a) (i) 40 consequential marking applies 1
(ii) 1.6 accept answer (a) (i) ¸ 25 1
(b) 1.5 km/min accept ‘4 min = h’ or ‘0.067h’ 1
1.5 × 60 = 90 accept ‘6 ¸ = 90’ or ‘6 ¸ 0.067 = 90’ 1
award both marks for a correct answer even if no working is shown
[4]

5. (a) (i) they hit the front of the car accept 'the car has to push the air 1
molecules out of the way'accept 'air hits the front of the car'
(ii) any one from 1
· molecules or particles hit the car faster or harder
accept 'the car hits the air particles faster'
· more molecules or particles hit the car
accept 'the car has to push more air each second' or 'the pressure gets greater at the front of the car' or 'the pressure difference increases'
(b) (i) larger than the air resistance accept 'larger' or 'bigger' 1
(ii) the same as the air resistance accept 'the same' or 'equal' 1
(c) any one from 1
· it has to balance the air resistance
air resistance is larger accept 'more molecules hit the car' or
'molecules hit the car faster' or 'the car has to push more air each second'
(d) friction 1
[6]

6. (a) 500 1N cm accept ‘5 N m’ for both marks 1
(b) 125 consequential marking applies 1
accept answer to(a) ¸ 4 cm
(c) (i) 1500 1N/cm2 accept ‘15 000 000 N/m2’ for both marks 1
(ii) any one from 1• increase handle length • decrease distance from pivot to peg• reduce the area of the peg
accept ‘sharpen it’ or ‘make it a cylinder or hollow’
[6]

7. (a) 0.8 N cm or 0.008 N m units are required for the mark 1
(b) zero accept ‘nothing’ or ‘none’ disregard any 1 units
(c) it increases accept ‘it acts clockwise’ 1
(d) the arm would tip slightly and water would dribble out 1
accept ‘the bucket would not empty properly’or ‘it would tip too slowly’ do not accept ‘it would tip too soon or too late’
(e) some water would be lost while the arm was tipping 1
accept ‘the falling water exerts a force on the bucket’ or ‘some water would splash out of the funnel’
[5]

8. (a) 150 1
(b) there is nothing to balance the force of the string 1
accept ‘it is pushed by the string’ accept ‘there is a forward force acting on it’ accept ‘potential energy is converted to kinetic energy’ or ‘energy from the bow is transferred to the arrow’
(c) any one from 1
· because they are not in opposite directions
accept ‘because they are in different directions’ or ‘because they are at an angle to each other’ or ‘because they are not both horizontal’do not accept ‘because they are at an angle’
· because they do not act along the same line
accept ‘gravity pulls down and friction pushes across’

(d) any one from 1
· because the force is concentrated in a much smaller area
accept ‘because the area in contact is smaller’ or ‘because there is a smaller area’
· because pressure is force divided by area
[4]

9. (a) gravity or weight 1
(b) (i) 1
accept any straight line which goesthrough or below both points A and B and through or above both points C and Dthe line does not have to extend to an axis
(ii) 11.5 accept any answer from 10.0 to 13.0 1
[3]

10. (a) (i) C 1
(ii) B 1
(b) 20 1
(c) any one from 1· friction· air resistance or drag· reaction accept ‘upthrust’
do not accept ‘gravity’
[4]

11. (a) (i) any two from 2
· gravity or weight
· friction
reaction accept ‘upthrust’
air resistance accept ‘drag’
do not accept ‘centrifugal force’ or ‘centripetal force’ or ‘g- force’
(ii) any one from 1
· constant speed
· steady speed
it stays the same accept ‘it is the same’ or ‘it does not change’

(b) friction is less ‘it is smoother’ or ‘it is slippery’ are insufficient 1
(c) it increases accept ‘he goes more quickly’ 1because there is less air resistance or friction 1
accept ‘he is streamlined or aerodynamic’
[6]

12. (a) friction 1
(b) (i) any one from 1
· energy stored in the rubber band gets less
accept ‘the rubber band unwound’
· the tension in the rubber band decreased
· the force exerted by the rubber band gets less
accept ‘friction’
(ii) any one from 1
· give the band more turns accept ‘wind up the rubber band more’
twist the rubber band more accept ‘put it on a slope’
[3]

13. (a) (i) 1.44 accept ‘1.4’ or ‘1.44444’ 1
(ii) 0.024 consequential marking applies accept 1 the answer to (a) (i) ÷ 60
(b) (i) 240.7 s or 241 s unit is required 1 accept ‘4 minutes’
(ii) any one from 1
· it takes time to reach the maximum speed
· it slows down before the end
· it is not the average speed
[4]

14. (a) (i) it increases 1
(ii) any one from 1
· it should be moved to the left
· it should be moved away from the support
· it should be moved away from the pivot
· it should be moved outwards
accept ‘move it to the back’ or ‘move it back’
accept ‘increase it’
(b) (i) 40 000 1
Nm accept ‘mN’ 1
do not accept ‘Joules’ or ‘J’
(ii) 4 consequential marking applies 1
accept the numerical answer to part (i) ÷10 000
(iii) 3750 1
[6]

15. (a) 0.96 accept ‘0.06 × 16’ 1
Ncm accept ‘cmN’ 1
accept for both marks ‘0.0096 Nm’
do not accept lower case n for N
the mark for the unit may be given in (b) ( i) provided it is not contradicted in part ( a)
(b) (i) any one from 1
· 0. 96 Ncm
· the same as the carbon dioxide balloon
accept the same numerical answer given in (a) ( the unit is not required)
accept ‘the same’
(ii) 0.02 1
consequential marking applies
accept numerical answer to (b) (i)÷48
[4]

16. (a) they are equal accept ‘they are balanced’ 1
(b) (i) weight is greater than friction accept ‘they are not equal or balanced’ 1
(ii) it increases 1it decreases 1
(iii) it increases or it gets faster 1
[5]

17. (a) (i) 12.5 m/s accept ‘ m/s’ 1 accept ‘metres per second’ or ‘ms–1’ for m/s
the unit is required for the mark
do not accept ‘mps’
(ii) they are equal or the same accept ‘they are balanced’ 1
(b) the forward force is greater than accept the converse 1the backward force accept ‘the forward force is greater’ or ‘the backward force is smaller’
do not accept ‘the forward force becomes greater or increases’
any one from 1· because air resistance or drag is accept ‘less friction’ smaller or reduced· because there is a smaller surface area
‘she is more streamlined’ is insufficient as it is given in the question
[4]


18. (a) (i) 40 N/cm2 the unit is required for the mark 1
accept ‘400 000 Pa’
(ii) 200 N the unit of force is required for the 1 mark consequential marking applies
accept numerical answer to (a)(i) ×5 cm2
(b) (i) 200 N the unit is required for the mark 1
(ii) 1600 N the unit of force is required for the 1 mark consequential marking applies
accept numerical answer to (b) (i) × 8
[4]

19. (a) 180 seconds: the parachute opened 1360 seconds: she landed answers must be in the correct order 1
do not accept ‘her speed dropped’
(b) any one from 1
· the slope of the graph decreases or the curve gets less steep
· the graph begins to level out
the acceleration gets less accept ‘it curves between A and B’
(c) B and D letters may be in either order both 1 letters are required for the mark
(d) (i) any answer between 1000 m and 1350 m 1
the unit is required for the mark
(ii) because its speed takes time to reach 6 m/s 1
accept ‘because the speed is not constant’
· because it was slowing down at first
· because the speed is difficult to read
accept ‘because the speed may not be exactly 6 m/s’
accept ‘because the graph curves at the corner’
[6]

Y9 answers to questions on electricity

1. (a) (i) copper or steel accept 'iron' or 'brass' or 'aluminium' 1
or 'metal'
do not accept 'a conductor'
(ii) wood or plastic or rubber accept any named insulator 1
do not accept 'an insulator' or 'not a conductor`
(b) the circuit is completed or there is a complete circuit 1
accept 'it makes a circuit'
accept 'electricity can flow'
do not accept 'because there is a contact'
(c) paint is an insulator or paint does not conduct electricity 1
accept 'paint is not a conductor'
or 'electricity cannot go through paint'
accept 'it is not a complete circuit'
do not accept 'the paint is in the way'
[4]

2. (a) (i) any one from 1
. it let the current or electricity flow
. current could flow through the bulb
. it completed the circuit
accept 'the contacts came together'
(ii) all three components must be correctly connected in series 1

accept

a mark may be awarded for any correctly connected circuit drawn with
straight or curved wires
award a mark for a correct circuit diagram in which the pupil has drawn the
symbols instead of connecting the printed symbols


(b) (i) any one from 1
. the bulb is broken or blown
. the filament is broken accept 'the coil is broken'
the bulb is not connected properly' is insufficient
(ii) turn one of the cells around accept 'turn a battery round'
accept 'turn the battery'
accept 'put the batteries in the right way'
'turn the batteries round' is insufficient
the mark may be awarded for a description of the fault eg 'both batteries
are the same way up'
(c) any one from 1
. it stopped current from accept 'to stop the batteries running down'
flowing
. paper does not conduct or is an
insulator
. the circuit was broken or accept 'to stop the contacts coming together'
incomplete
. so that the circuit can be completed
[5]

3. (a) any one from 1
. the circuit is not complete accept 'there is no circuit'
. a wire is missing
. two of the bulbs are not connected
accept 'the bulbs are not connected'
do not accept 'the switch might be broken' or 'there is a loose connection'
(b) another cell or battery accept 'put the bulbs in parallel' 1
or 'make a parallel circuit'
or 'use new batteries'
do not accept 'use stronger batteries'
(c) Each bulb is the same brightness.  if more than one box is
ticked, 1
award no mark
(d) (i) they go out accept 'they stop working' 1
do not accept 'they get dimmer'
(ii) any one from 1
. they stay on or stay the same accept 'they get brighter'
. they do not go out accept 'only the broken bulb goes out'
. nothing


(e) a letter S drawn onto or close to the wire in the top part of the
circuit 1
anywhere between the two junctions

accept an open switch symbol drawn onto the diagram
do not accept a letter S drawn mid-way between the top two wires or at a
junction between the top two wires as shown below

[6]

4. (a) J 1
(b) bulb J goes out or is off do not accept 'nothing happens' 1
both bulb K and bulb L are required for the mark
bulb K lights up or is on accept 'bulb K is dim 1
bulb L lights up or is on bulb L is dim'
(c) the answer should indicate that all three bulbs are lit
J, K and L or all of them 1
[4]

5.

[4]

6. (a) (i) circuit A: series 1
circuit B: parallel
both answers are required for the mark
(b) (i) the circuit or heating element will stop working 1
accept 'it will not work' or 'it will be off'
accept 'the whole circuit has no current through it'
accept 'it becomes cooler'
do not accept 'it breaks the heater or element or it'
(ii) any one from 1
. the circuit or element will continue to work
. one wire will not heat the window
accept 'the bottom one has no current through it'
'nothing' or 'it will not be affected' are insufficient
accept 'it will work less well'
accept 'the bottom wire becomes cooler'
do not accept 'it becomes cooler'
do not accept 'it does not work properly'
(c) (i) thermal accept 'heat' 1
(ii) from solid to liquid to gas 1
all three states are required for the mark
accept 'from solid to liquid to vapour or steam'
accept 'from ice to water to vapour or gas'
[5]

7. (a) the motor runs backwards accept 'the crane lowers the load' 1
or 'the crane drops the load'
or 'the load goes in the other direct ion'
(b) any one from 1
. it will not run accept 'nothing'
. it will stop
(c) any one from 1
. it shorts out the batteries or cells accept 'it is a short circuit'
. the batteries or cells or wires will get hot
. the batteries or cells will go flat quickly
accept 'the battery or wires will bum out'
(d) (i) no difference or none accept 'the crane lifts the load' 1
or 'the resistor will not do anything'
(ii) any one from 1
. the motor turns more slowly
accept 'it will stop the motor working'
. it lowers the load more slowly
there is a smaller current accept 'it moves the load more slowly'
accept 'it gives it less power'
or 'it will slow down the flow of electrons'
[5]

8. (a) pick-up wire 1
metal wheel answers must be in the correct order
both answers are required for the mark
(b) One mark is for drawing the two motors connected in parallel.
One mark is for drawing one switch in series with each motor.
Both marks should only be awarded if the circuit is correct.
. 2
the switches may be drawn either side of the motors
(c) any one from 1
. it completes the circuit
. it acts as a switch
accept 'because the circuit is not complete'
'the pedal connects the motor' is insufficient
accept 'the pedal connects the motor to the power supply'
(d) any one from 1
. he does not complete a circuit
accept 'the circuit is not complete'
. he does not connect the floor and wire mesh ceiling
accept 'he is not touching the ceiling'
accept 'he wears trainers' or 'he has rubber shoes'
(e) (i) it stops 1
(ii) it is not affected or it keeps going 1
accept 'it goes slightly faster'
[7]

9. (a) bulb X do not accept 'both bulbs' 1
or 'bulb X and bulb Y'
(b) neither or no bulb or none 1
(c) (i) goes out 1
(ii) gets brighter 1
(d) (i) gets brighter 1
(ii) goes out 1
[6]



10. (a) any two from: 2
. manufacturing differences or bulbs are different
accept 'different resistances'
accept 'different ages'
. reading error
dirty contacts accept 'bulbs were not screwed in properly'
unreliable or inaccurate meter accept 'faulty ammeter'
accept 'different wires' or 'differences in the wires'
(b) 0.75 1
(c)

both axes must be labelled correctly with both the variable and the unit
Y axis : current, in amps or A or milliamps or mA 1
accept 'I , in amps'
X axis : time, in hours or minutes or seconds
accept 't, in hours'
a line or curve from top left to bottom right 1
[5]

11.(a) switches 1 and 2 if more than one box is ticked, 1
award no mark
(b) no because switch 1 must be on or closed 1
both the answer and the reason are required for the mark
accept 'there is no switch in the motor section of the parallel circuit, so
it cannot be isolated'
(c) it would go up accept 'it would get hotter or very hot' 1
do not accept 'it would be hot'
(d) any one from 1
. no effect accept 'the motor speeds up slightly'
. it would stay on
[4]



12. (a) (i) to produce a magnetic field or make an electromagnet 1
accept 'to make the iron or core or it magnetic'
or 'to make a magnet'
do not accept 'to conduct the current'
(ii) any one from 1
. to make the magnetic field stronger
. to make the electromagnet stronger
accept 'to focus or carry the field lines'
do not accept 'to make an electromagnet' or 'to make the electromagnet
better'
(b) it is magnetic 1
it conducts electricity answers may be in either order 1
accept 'it is attracted to the coil or core or electromagnet'
accept 'it conducts'
(c) any one from 1
. the electromagnet overcomes the springy metal
. the moment of the electromagnet's force is bigger than the moment of the
spring's force
accept 'the pull of the electromagnet becomes more than the pull of the
spring
[5]

13. (a) circuit A if more than one letter is given 1
award no mark
(b) smaller or lower accept 'half' 1
any one from 1
. because the resistance is larger accept 'the resistance is smaller in E'
. because the current has to flow through more bulbs
accept 'because there are more bulbs'
do not accept 'because two bulbs use up more energy' or 'because the current
is less'
(c) If the two bulbs are in series, then two cells are needed. 1
The ammeter may be anywhere in the series circuit e.g.



If the two bulbs are in parallel, then the ammeter must be in one of the
branches of the circuit e.g.

[4]

14. (a) any one from 1
. flow in X = flow in Y + flow in Z
x = y + z accept 'Y + Z = X'
rate of flow into the junction = the total rate of flow out of it
(b) (i) 70 1
70 both rates are required for the mark
(ii) charge accept 'electrons' 1
do not accept 'current'
(c) any one from 1
. electricity can only flow in conductors or metal
. air is an insulator so electricity cannot flow through it
do not accept 'there is no current because there is a break in the circuit'
or 'the empty socket breaks the circuit' or 'a closed circuit is needed'
[4]

Y9 answers to second set of questions

1. (a) Glossy or it would have more accept ‘more bubbles’ 1or higher bubbles than the others do not accept ‘lots of bubbles’
(b) any one from 1
· to make the test fair accept ‘it is a controlled experiment’
· if they use different amounts it will be unfair
(c) any one from 1
· they could not compare the amounts of bubbles
· they could not compare them
· they could not tell which was better
· they could not tell the difference
· they could not know which made the most bubbles
accept ‘they were all the same’
do not accept ‘the bubbles all went to the top’
do not accept ‘they could not see how many bubbles there were’
accept an appropriate practical problem which would prevent the collection of valid results such as ‘the bung stops the bubbles’ or ‘the test- tubes are not long enough’ or ‘they used too much washing- up liquid’
(d) any one from 1
· Shine will have most bubbles accept ‘Shine made the most bubbles’
· Shine will make most froth accept ‘Shine would produce more bubbles than glossy’
[4]

2. (a) predictions 1
if more than one box is ticked, award no mark
(b) any one from 1· to make sure any effect of accept ‘so the sensor can detect the everyone jumping was detected vibrations’· to make the effect as large as possible
‘fair test’ is insufficient
‘to get the best results’ is insufficient
(c) (i) any one from 1· there are vibrations in accept ‘there are more or bigger vibrations recordings A and B only at A and B’ accept ‘wider lines in recordings A and B’ accept ‘bigger amplitude in A and B’· no vibrations at C accept ‘no vibrations far away’

(ii) any one from 1· more people jumped near A accept ‘fewer jumped at B’· people jumped from a accept the converse greater height near A· sensor A is nearer the accept the converse site than sensor B accept ‘the sensor is nearer site A than B’ accept ‘sensor A is closer to the pupils’
· more sensitive detectors at accept the converse A the ground could be accept ‘one concrete the other grass’ different
do not accept ‘different numbers of people’
‘different sensors’ is insufficient
[4]

3. (a) Both the correct ball and the correct reason are required for the mark.
the bowling ball because it has the greatest mass or it is the heaviest 1
do not accept ‘because it is bigger’
‘the bowling ball because it is bigger’ insufficient
(b) any one from 1
· they are the same diameter accept ‘they are the same size’
they produce the same air resistance or friction
(c) (i) they would both reach the ground at the same time 1
(ii) air resistance accept ‘friction’ 1
(iii) either
· the feather and the hammer landed at the same time 1there is no atmosphere or air resistance or air on the moon 1
or
· they would take longer to fall on the moon 1because there is lower gravity than on the Earth 1
do not accept ‘there is no gravity on the moon’
[6]

4. (a) the light is scattered by the ball accept ‘it is scattered or reflected 1
or bounces off the ball'
some of the light from the ball enters Naomi's eye 1
accept ‘it goes into or gets to her eye'
(b) (i)
colour of ball
colour of the light
the colour the ball appears to Naomi


white
red
red
do not accept 'pink' or 'light red'
1
green
white
green
do not accept 'light green'
1

(ii) any one from 1
· it absorbs all the light accept ‘it absorbs light'
· it does not scatter any light
accept 'it does not reflect light'
(c) equal to 1
equal to accept 'equals' or 'the same as' 1
(d) one mark is for describing scattering and one mark is for describing reflection
scattering sends or reflects light in all directions 1
accept 'scattered light goes all over the place' or ‘the light from the paper goes off in lots of rays' or ‘no image can be seen in the paper'
reflection sends light in one direction or to one point 1
accept ‘the light from the mirror is all in one ray or beam' or 'reflected light goes at one exact angle’ or ‘an image can be seen in the mirror’
[9]

5. (a) It melts or is melting accept ‘it starts to melt’ or ‘thaws’ 1
or ‘turns to liquid’ or ‘changes state’
do not accept ‘it is between solid and liquid’
(b) it is room temperature accept no more energy being put in’ 1
(c) (i) They vibrate around fixed points A 1
if more than one box is labelled A, award no mark
(ii) They move past each other and are close together C 1
if more than one box is labelled C, award no mark disregard any ticks
(d) (i) Ice is less dense than water. Ö if more than one box is ticked, 1
award no mark
(ii) The molecules are further apart in ice than in water. Ö 1
if more than one box is ticked, award no mark
[6]

6. (a) The tension equals the weight. Ö if more than one box is ticked, 1
award no mark
(b) tension is greater than weight accept ‘tension is bigger' or 'weight is less' 1
or 'the upward force is bigger' or 'the downward force is smaller'

(c) tension equals weight accept ‘they are the same' 1
(d) tension is less than weight accept ‘tension is less ‘or ‘weight is more' 1
or 'the upward force is less' or ‘the downward force is bigger'
[4]

7. (a) by rubbing it or by friction accept 'by spraying charged 1
particles onto it'
accept 'by induction' or 'by connecting it to one terminal of a power supply'
(b) any one from 1
· negatively, because B is attracted
· negatively, because unlike charges attract
both the charge and the reason are required for the markaccept '-, because two + charges would repel'
(c) towards A or to the left accept 'closer' 1
(d) answers should refer to the movement of X away from Y for the first mark and comment on the same charge for the second mark
any one from 1
· it will be repelled
· it will move away from Y
it will spin away from Y do not accept 'it will spin'
it will tilt away from Y do not accept 'it will tilt'
they both have the same charge 1or they have both been charged in the same way
(e) any one from 1
· it will be repelled
· it will move away from Y
it will spin away from Y do not accept 'it will spin'
it will tilt away from Y do not accept 'it will tilt'
any one from 1
· strip X has the same charge over the whole surface
accept 'the whole surface has been rubbed' or 'it has the same charge at both ends'
· X and Y have the same charge or they have both been charged in the same way
[7]

8. (a) Q 1
accept ‘1941 – 47’
(b) It affects the nervous system. if more than one box is ticked, 1
award no mark

(c) (i) the chance of having an accident increases 1
accept ‘it increases’ or ‘you are more likely to have an accident if you drink or are drunk’
the rate of increase gets faster the more alcohol is in the blood 1
accept ‘the rate gets faster’ or ‘the graph gets steeper the more you drink’
(ii) Alcohol increases the time a person takes to react. 1
if more than one box is ticked, award no mark
[5]

9.(a) (i)
2
one mark is for a ball of solid naphthalene
one mark is for the naphthalene at the bottom of the beaker
(ii)
2
one mark is for a layer of melted wax
one mark is for showing the wax floating on top of the water
(b) from liquid to solid answers must be in the correct order 1
(c) B 1
[6]


10. (a) He observed the environment. 1
if more than one box is ticked, award no mark
(b) any one from 1· data from further away can be accept ‘equipment can land on the planet’ collected· data from fainter objects or smaller details can be collected· data is clearer because there is no accept ‘telescopes can be sited outside atmospheric distortion Earth’s atmosphere’· more information is collected· more detailed or more accurate information· wider spectrum of information including photographs or pictures of planet· other radiation can be detected
a mark may be awarded for a description of a specific wayinformation is different or a description of a specific wayprevious limitations are reduced
(c) any one from 1· our knowledge is increasing accept ‘we probably do not know everything about the solar system’· our knowledge is changing
(d) any one from 1· new evidence which challenges accept ‘more observations’ ideas may be collected accept ‘new evidence’· there might be a new way of thinking about how the facts fit together· new interpretations of evidence· old ideas do not explain the observation accept ‘old ideas do not work or fit data’
[4]

11. (a) chemical accept ‘potential’ or ‘stored’ 1
any two from 2
· sound
thermal accept ‘heat’
kinetic accept ‘movement’
light
(b) any two from 2
· they gained energy accept ‘they move more quickly’
they hit the lid with greater force accept ‘they hit the lid harder’
they hit the lid more often accept ‘the pressure inside the tin increased’
accept ‘the molecules are closer together’
accept ‘more molecules are present’

(c) (i) oxygen accept ‘O2’ 1
(ii) any one from 1
· carbon dioxide accept ‘CO2’
water vapour accept ‘H2O’
accept ‘carbon monoxide’
(d) any one from 1
· it was quieter
the lid didn’t move as high accept ‘the lid was not pushed off’
less energy released accept ‘it does not work’
[8]

12. (a) ether 1
(b) all the ether had evaporated accept ‘all the ether had gone’ 1
do not accept ‘it was warmed by the room’
(c) 23°C do not accept ‘23’ 1
(d) any one from the 1
· temperatures would not go as low
accept ‘the temperatures would be higher’ do not accept ‘the temperatures would go higher’
· the temperatures would go up again much sooner
accept ‘the readings would have to be taken more frequently’ do not accept ‘the temperatures would go down more quickly’ or ‘it would evaporate more quickly’
[4]


· old ideas do not explain the observation accept ‘old ideas do not work or fit data’
[4]

13. (a) any one from 1
· plants subjected to or not subjected to acid
· pH of the acid
strength of solution accept ‘concentration of acid’
volume of acid accept ‘amount of acid’
accept any appropriate independent variable
(b) (i) any one from mark parts (b) (i) and (b) (ii) together 1
· plants live or die
plants healthy or not healthy
plants or leaves change colour
how many seeds grow

(ii) any one from the dependent variable must relate to the 1 independent variable mentioned in part ( a)
· number of plants dying or ailing
accept ‘count them’
accept a reference to appropriate measuring equipment
· number of leaves falling or ailing
· mass of plant matter
· area of plant leaf growth
· height of plant
(c) any one from 1
· soil nutrients
· temperature
· humidity
· light
· acidity of soil at the beginning
accept any suitable control relevant to the factors specified in parts (a) and (b) ( i)
[4]